Alcohol as friend or foe in autoimmune diseases: a role for gut microbiome? PMC
Alcohol consumption also damages epithelial cells, T cells, and neutrophils in the GI system, disrupting gut barrier function and facilitating leakage of microbes into the circulation (see the article by Hammer and colleagues). Alcohol has a broad range of effects on the structural, cellular, and humoral components of the immune system. They produce immune molecules […]
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